from io import BytesIO import copy import datetime import json import tantivy import pickle import pytest import tantivy from tantivy import Document, Index, SchemaBuilder, SnippetGenerator def schema(): return ( SchemaBuilder() .add_text_field("title", stored=True) .add_text_field("body") .build() ) def schema_numeric_fields(): return ( SchemaBuilder() .add_integer_field("id", stored=True, indexed=True) .add_float_field("rating", stored=True, indexed=True) .add_boolean_field("is_good", stored=True, indexed=True) .add_text_field("body", stored=True) .build() ) def create_index(dir=None): # assume all tests will use the same documents for now # other methods may set up function-local indexes index = Index(schema(), dir) writer = index.writer(15_000_000, 1) # 2 ways of adding documents # 1 doc = Document() # create a document instance # add field-value pairs doc.add_text("title", "The Old Man and the Sea") doc.add_text( "body", ( "He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in" "the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days " "now without taking a fish." ), ) writer.add_document(doc) # 2 use the built-in json support # keys need to coincide with field names doc = Document.from_dict( { "title": "Of Mice and Men", "body": ( "A few miles south of Soledad, the Salinas River drops " "in close to the hillside bank and runs deep and " "green. The water is warm too, for it has slipped " "twinkling over the yellow sands in the sunlight " "before reaching the narrow pool. On one side of the " "river the golden foothill slopes curve up to the " "strong and rocky Gabilan Mountains, but on the valley " "side the water is lined with trees—willows fresh and " "green with every spring, carrying in their lower leaf " "junctures the debris of the winter’s flooding; and " "sycamores with mottled, white, recumbent limbs and " "branches that arch over the pool" ), } ) writer.add_document(doc) writer.add_json( """{ "title": ["Frankenstein", "The Modern Prometheus"], "body": "You will rejoice to hear that no disaster has accompanied the commencement of an enterprise which you have regarded with such evil forebodings. I arrived here yesterday, and my first task is to assure my dear sister of my welfare and increasing confidence in the success of my undertaking." }""" ) writer.commit() index.reload() return index def create_index_with_numeric_fields(dir=None): index = Index(schema_numeric_fields(), dir) writer = index.writer(15_000_000, 1) doc = Document() doc.add_integer("id", 1) doc.add_float("rating", 3.5) doc.add_boolean("is_good", True) doc.add_text( "body", ( "He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in" "the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days " "now without taking a fish." ), ) writer.add_document(doc) doc = Document.from_dict( { "id": 2, "rating": 4.5, "is_good": False, "body": ( "A few miles south of Soledad, the Salinas River drops " "in close to the hillside bank and runs deep and " "green. The water is warm too, for it has slipped " "twinkling over the yellow sands in the sunlight " "before reaching the narrow pool. On one side of the " "river the golden foothill slopes curve up to the " "strong and rocky Gabilan Mountains, but on the valley " "side the water is lined with trees—willows fresh and " "green with every spring, carrying in their lower leaf " "junctures the debris of the winter’s flooding; and " "sycamores with mottled, white, recumbent limbs and " "branches that arch over the pool" ), }, ) writer.add_document(doc) writer.commit() index.reload() return index def spanish_schema(): return ( SchemaBuilder() .add_text_field("title", stored=True, tokenizer_name="es_stem") .add_text_field("body", tokenizer_name="es_stem") .build() ) def create_spanish_index(): # assume all tests will use the same documents for now # other methods may set up function-local indexes index = Index(spanish_schema(), None) writer = index.writer() # 2 ways of adding documents # 1 doc = Document() # create a document instance # add field-value pairs doc.add_text("title", "El viejo y el mar") doc.add_text( "body", ( "Era un viejo que pescaba solo en un bote en el Gulf Stream y hacía ochenta y cuatro días que no cogía un pez. " ), ) writer.add_document(doc) # 2 use the built-in json support # keys need to coincide with field names doc = Document.from_dict( { "title": "De ratones y hombres", "body": ( "Unas millas al sur de Soledad, el río Salinas se ahonda junto al margen de la ladera y fluye profundo y verde. Es tibia el agua, porque se ha deslizado chispeante sobre la arena amarilla y al calor del sol antes de llegar a la angosta laguna. A un lado del río, la dorada falda de la ladera se curva hacia arriba trepando hasta las montañas Gabilán, fuertes y rocosas, pero del lado del valle los árboles bordean la orilla: sauces frescos y verdes cada primavera, que en la s junturas más bajas de sus hojas muestran las consecuencias de la crecida invernal; y sicomoros de troncos veteados, blancos, recostados, y ramas quesear quean sobre el estanque" ), } ) writer.add_document(doc) writer.add_json( """{ "title": ["Frankenstein", "El moderno Prometeo"], "body": "Te alegrará saber que no ha ocurrido ningún percance al principio de una aventura que siempre consideraste cargada de malos presagios. Llegué aquí ayer, y mi primera tarea es asegurarle a mi querida hermana que me hallo perfectamente y que tengo una gran confianza en el éxito de mi empresa." }""" ) writer.commit() index.reload() return index @pytest.fixture() def dir_index(tmpdir): return (tmpdir, create_index(str(tmpdir))) @pytest.fixture(scope="class") def ram_index(): return create_index() @pytest.fixture(scope="class") def ram_index_numeric_fields(): return create_index_with_numeric_fields() @pytest.fixture(scope="class") def spanish_index(): return create_spanish_index() class TestClass(object): def test_simple_search_in_dir(self, dir_index): _, index = dir_index query = index.parse_query("sea whale", ["title", "body"]) result = index.searcher().search(query, 10) assert len(result.hits) == 1 def test_simple_search_after_reuse(self, dir_index): index_dir, _ = dir_index index = Index(schema(), str(index_dir)) query = index.parse_query("sea whale", ["title", "body"]) result = index.searcher().search(query, 10) assert len(result.hits) == 1 def test_simple_search_in_ram(self, ram_index): index = ram_index query = index.parse_query("sea whale", ["title", "body"]) result = index.searcher().search(query, 10) assert len(result.hits) == 1 _, doc_address = result.hits[0] searched_doc = index.searcher().doc(doc_address) assert searched_doc["title"] == ["The Old Man and the Sea"] def test_simple_search_in_spanish(self, spanish_index): index = spanish_index query = index.parse_query("vieja", ["title", "body"]) result = index.searcher().search(query, 10) assert len(result.hits) == 1 _, doc_address = result.hits[0] search_doc = index.searcher().doc(doc_address) assert search_doc["title"] == ["El viejo y el mar"] def test_and_query(self, ram_index): index = ram_index query = index.parse_query( "title:men AND body:summer", default_field_names=["title", "body"] ) # look for an intersection of documents searcher = index.searcher() result = searcher.search(query, 10) # summer isn't present assert len(result.hits) == 0 query = index.parse_query("title:men AND body:winter", ["title", "body"]) result = searcher.search(query) assert len(result.hits) == 1 def test_and_query_numeric_fields(self, ram_index_numeric_fields): index = ram_index_numeric_fields searcher = index.searcher() # 1 result float_query = index.parse_query("3.5", ["rating"]) result = searcher.search(float_query) assert len(result.hits) == 1 assert searcher.doc(result.hits[0][1])["rating"][0] == 3.5 integer_query = index.parse_query("1", ["id"]) result = searcher.search(integer_query) assert len(result.hits) == 1 # 0 result integer_query = index.parse_query("10", ["id"]) result = searcher.search(integer_query) assert len(result.hits) == 0 def test_and_query_parser_default_fields(self, ram_index): query = ram_index.parse_query("winter", default_field_names=["title"]) assert repr(query) == """Query(TermQuery(Term(field=0, type=Str, "winter")))""" def test_and_query_parser_default_fields_undefined(self, ram_index): query = ram_index.parse_query("winter") assert ( repr(query) == """Query(BooleanQuery { subqueries: [(Should, TermQuery(Term(field=0, type=Str, "winter"))), (Should, TermQuery(Term(field=1, type=Str, "winter")))] })""" ) def test_query_errors(self, ram_index): index = ram_index # no "bod" field with pytest.raises(ValueError): index.parse_query("bod:men", ["title", "body"]) def test_query_lenient(self, ram_index_numeric_fields): from tantivy import query_parser_error index = ram_index_numeric_fields query, errors = index.parse_query_lenient("rating:3.5") assert len(errors) == 0 assert repr(query) == """Query(TermQuery(Term(field=1, type=F64, 3.5)))""" _, errors = index.parse_query_lenient("bod:men") assert len(errors) == 1 assert isinstance(errors[0], query_parser_error.FieldDoesNotExistError) query, errors = index.parse_query_lenient( "body:'hello' AND id:<3.5 OR rating:'hi'" ) assert len(errors) == 2 assert isinstance(errors[0], query_parser_error.ExpectedIntError) assert isinstance(errors[1], query_parser_error.ExpectedFloatError) assert ( repr(query) == """Query(BooleanQuery { subqueries: [(Should, BooleanQuery { subqueries: [(Must, TermQuery(Term(field=3, type=Str, "hello")))] })] })""" ) def test_order_by_search(self): schema = ( SchemaBuilder() .add_unsigned_field("order", fast=True) .add_text_field("title", stored=True) .build() ) index = Index(schema) writer = index.writer() doc = Document() doc.add_unsigned("order", 0) doc.add_text("title", "Test title") writer.add_document(doc) doc = Document() doc.add_unsigned("order", 2) doc.add_text("title", "Final test title") writer.add_document(doc) doc = Document() doc.add_unsigned("order", 1) doc.add_text("title", "Another test title") writer.add_document(doc) writer.commit() index.reload() query = index.parse_query("test") searcher = index.searcher() result = searcher.search(query, 10, offset=2, order_by_field="order") assert len(result.hits) == 1 result = searcher.search(query, 10, order_by_field="order") assert len(result.hits) == 3 _, doc_address = result.hits[0] searched_doc = index.searcher().doc(doc_address) assert searched_doc["title"] == ["Final test title"] _, doc_address = result.hits[1] searched_doc = index.searcher().doc(doc_address) assert searched_doc["title"] == ["Another test title"] _, doc_address = result.hits[2] searched_doc = index.searcher().doc(doc_address) assert searched_doc["title"] == ["Test title"] result = searcher.search( query, 10, order_by_field="order", order=tantivy.Order.Asc ) assert len(result.hits) == 3 _, doc_address = result.hits[2] searched_doc = index.searcher().doc(doc_address) assert searched_doc["title"] == ["Final test title"] _, doc_address = result.hits[1] searched_doc = index.searcher().doc(doc_address) assert searched_doc["title"] == ["Another test title"] _, doc_address = result.hits[0] searched_doc = index.searcher().doc(doc_address) assert searched_doc["title"] == ["Test title"] def test_order_by_search_without_fast_field(self): schema = ( SchemaBuilder() .add_unsigned_field("order") .add_text_field("title", stored=True) .build() ) index = Index(schema) writer = index.writer() doc = Document() doc.add_unsigned("order", 0) doc.add_text("title", "Test title") query = index.parse_query("test") searcher = index.searcher() result = searcher.search(query, 10, order_by_field="order") assert len(result.hits) == 0 def test_with_merges(self): # This test is taken from tantivy's test suite: # https://github.com/quickwit-oss/tantivy/blob/42acd334f49d5ff7e4fe846b5c12198f24409b50/src/indexer/index_writer.rs#L1130 schema = SchemaBuilder().add_text_field("text", stored=True).build() index = Index(schema) index.config_reader(reload_policy="Manual") writer = index.writer() for _ in range(100): doc = Document() doc.add_text("text", "a") writer.add_document(doc) writer.commit() for _ in range(100): doc = Document() doc.add_text("text", "a") writer.add_document(doc) # This should create 8 segments and trigger a merge. writer.commit() writer.wait_merging_threads() # Accessing the writer again should result in an error. with pytest.raises(RuntimeError): writer.wait_merging_threads() index.reload() query = index.parse_query("a") searcher = index.searcher() result = searcher.search(query, limit=500, count=True) assert result.count == 200 assert searcher.num_segments < 8 def test_doc_from_dict_numeric_validation(self): schema = ( SchemaBuilder() .add_unsigned_field("unsigned") .add_integer_field("signed") .add_float_field("float") .build() ) good = Document.from_dict( {"unsigned": 1000, "signed": -5, "float": 0.4}, schema, ) good = Document.from_dict( {"unsigned": 1000, "signed": -5, "float": 0.4}, schema, ) with pytest.raises(ValueError): bad = Document.from_dict( {"unsigned": -50, "signed": -5, "float": 0.4}, schema, ) with pytest.raises(ValueError): bad = Document.from_dict( {"unsigned": 1000, "signed": 50.4, "float": 0.4}, schema, ) with pytest.raises(ValueError): bad = Document.from_dict( { "unsigned": 1000, "signed": -5, "float": "bad_string", }, schema, ) with pytest.raises(ValueError): bad = Document.from_dict( { "unsigned": [1000, -50], "signed": -5, "float": 0.4, }, schema, ) with pytest.raises(ValueError): bad = Document.from_dict( { "unsigned": 1000, "signed": [-5, 150, -3.14], "float": 0.4, }, schema, ) def test_doc_from_dict_bytes_validation(self): schema = SchemaBuilder().add_bytes_field("bytes").build() good = Document.from_dict({"bytes": b"hello"}, schema) good = Document.from_dict({"bytes": [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]}, schema) good = Document.from_dict({"bytes": [1, 2, 3]}, schema) with pytest.raises(ValueError): bad = Document.from_dict({"bytes": [1, 2, 256]}, schema) with pytest.raises(ValueError): bad = Document.from_dict({"bytes": "hello"}, schema) with pytest.raises(ValueError): bad = Document.from_dict({"bytes": [1024, "there"]}, schema) def test_doc_from_dict_ip_addr_validation(self): schema = SchemaBuilder().add_ip_addr_field("ip").build() good = Document.from_dict({"ip": "127.0.0.1"}, schema) good = Document.from_dict({"ip": "::1"}, schema) with pytest.raises(ValueError): bad = Document.from_dict({"ip": 12309812348}, schema) with pytest.raises(ValueError): bad = Document.from_dict({"ip": "256.100.0.1"}, schema) with pytest.raises(ValueError): bad = Document.from_dict( {"ip": "1234:5678:9ABC:DEF0:1234:5678:9ABC:DEF0:1234"}, schema ) with pytest.raises(ValueError): bad = Document.from_dict( {"ip": "1234:5678:9ABC:DEF0:1234:5678:9ABC:GHIJ"}, schema ) def test_doc_from_dict_json_validation(self): # Test implicit JSON good = Document.from_dict({"dict": {"hello": "world"}}) schema = SchemaBuilder().add_json_field("json").build() good = Document.from_dict({"json": {}}, schema) good = Document.from_dict({"json": {"hello": "world"}}, schema) good = Document.from_dict( {"nested": {"hello": ["world", "!"]}, "numbers": [1, 2, 3]}, schema ) list_of_jsons = [ {"hello": "world"}, {"nested": {"hello": ["world", "!"]}, "numbers": [1, 2, 3]}, ] good = Document.from_dict({"json": list_of_jsons}, schema) good = Document.from_dict({"json": json.dumps(list_of_jsons[1])}, schema) with pytest.raises(ValueError): bad = Document.from_dict({"json": 123}, schema) with pytest.raises(ValueError): bad = Document.from_dict({"json": "hello"}, schema) def test_search_result_eq(self, ram_index, spanish_index): eng_index = ram_index eng_query = eng_index.parse_query("sea whale", ["title", "body"]) esp_index = spanish_index esp_query = esp_index.parse_query("vieja", ["title", "body"]) eng_result1 = eng_index.searcher().search(eng_query, 10) eng_result2 = eng_index.searcher().search(eng_query, 10) esp_result = esp_index.searcher().search(esp_query, 10) assert eng_result1 == eng_result2 assert eng_result1 != esp_result assert eng_result2 != esp_result def test_search_result_pickle(self, ram_index): index = ram_index query = index.parse_query("sea whale", ["title", "body"]) orig = index.searcher().search(query, 10) pickled = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(orig)) assert orig == pickled def test_delete_all_documents(self, ram_index): index = ram_index writer = index.writer() writer.delete_all_documents() writer.commit() index.reload() query = index.parse_query("sea whale", ["title", "body"]) result = index.searcher().search(query, 10) assert len(result.hits) == 0 class TestUpdateClass(object): def test_delete_update(self, ram_index): query = ram_index.parse_query("Frankenstein", ["title"]) result = ram_index.searcher().search(query, 10) assert len(result.hits) == 1 writer = ram_index.writer() with pytest.raises(ValueError): writer.delete_documents("fake_field", "frankenstein") with pytest.raises(ValueError): writer.delete_documents("title", b"frankenstein") writer.delete_documents("title", "frankenstein") writer.commit() ram_index.reload() result = ram_index.searcher().search(query) assert len(result.hits) == 0 class TestFromDiskClass(object): def test_opens_from_dir_invalid_schema(self, dir_index): invalid_schema = SchemaBuilder().add_text_field("🐱").build() index_dir, _ = dir_index with pytest.raises(ValueError): Index(invalid_schema, str(index_dir), reuse=True) def test_opens_from_dir(self, dir_index): index_dir, _ = dir_index index = Index(schema(), str(index_dir), reuse=True) assert index.searcher().num_docs == 3 def test_create_readers(self): # not sure what is the point of this test. idx = Index(schema()) idx.config_reader("Manual", 4) assert idx.searcher().num_docs == 0 # by default this is manual mode writer = idx.writer(30000000, 1) writer.add_document(Document(title="mytitle", body="mybody")) writer.commit() assert idx.searcher().num_docs == 0 # Manual is the default setting. # In this case, change are reflected only when # the index is manually reloaded. idx.reload() assert idx.searcher().num_docs == 1 idx.config_reader("OnCommit", 4) writer.add_document(Document(title="mytitle2", body="mybody2")) writer.commit() import time for i in range(50): # The index should be automatically reloaded. # Wait for at most 5s for it to happen. time.sleep(0.1) if idx.searcher().num_docs == 2: return assert False class TestSearcher(object): def test_searcher_repr(self, ram_index, ram_index_numeric_fields): assert repr(ram_index.searcher()) == "Searcher(num_docs=3, num_segments=1)" assert ( repr(ram_index_numeric_fields.searcher()) == "Searcher(num_docs=2, num_segments=1)" ) class TestDocument(object): def test_document(self): doc = tantivy.Document(name="Bill", reference=[1, 2]) assert doc["reference"] == [1, 2] assert doc["name"] == ["Bill"] assert doc.get_first("name") == "Bill" assert doc.get_first("reference") == 1 assert doc.to_dict() == {"name": ["Bill"], "reference": [1, 2]} def test_document_with_date(self): date = datetime.datetime(2019, 8, 12, 13, 0, 0) doc = tantivy.Document(name="Bill", date=date) assert doc["date"][0] == date def test_document_repr(self): doc = tantivy.Document(name="Bill", reference=[1, 2]) assert repr(doc) == "Document(name=[Bill],reference=[1,2])" def test_document_repr_utf8(self): doc = tantivy.Document(name="野菜食べないとやばい", reference=[1, 2]) assert repr(doc) == "Document(name=[野菜食べないとやばい],reference=[1,2])" def test_document_with_facet(self): doc = tantivy.Document() facet = tantivy.Facet.from_string("/europe/france") doc.add_facet("facet", facet) assert doc["facet"][0].to_path() == ["europe", "france"] doc = tantivy.Document() facet = tantivy.Facet.from_string("/asia\\/oceania/fiji") doc.add_facet("facet", facet) assert doc["facet"][0].to_path() == ["asia/oceania", "fiji"] assert doc["facet"][0].to_path_str() == "/asia\\/oceania/fiji" assert repr(doc["facet"][0]) == "Facet(/asia\\/oceania/fiji)" doc = tantivy.Document(facet=facet) assert doc["facet"][0].to_path() == ["asia/oceania", "fiji"] def test_document_eq(self): doc1 = tantivy.Document(name="Bill", reference=[1, 2]) doc2 = tantivy.Document.from_dict({"name": "Bill", "reference": [1, 2]}) doc3 = tantivy.Document(name="Bob", reference=[3, 4]) assert doc1 == doc2 assert doc1 != doc3 assert doc2 != doc3 def test_document_copy(self): doc1 = tantivy.Document(name="Bill", reference=[1, 2]) doc2 = copy.copy(doc1) doc3 = copy.deepcopy(doc2) assert doc1 == doc2 assert doc1 == doc3 assert doc2 == doc3 def test_document_pickle(self): orig = Document() orig.add_unsigned("unsigned", 1) orig.add_integer("integer", 5) orig.add_float("float", 1.0) orig.add_date("birth", datetime.datetime(2019, 8, 12, 13, 0, 5)) orig.add_text("title", "hello world!") orig.add_json("json", '{"a": 1, "b": 2}') orig.add_bytes("bytes", b"abc") facet = tantivy.Facet.from_string("/europe/france") orig.add_facet("facet", facet) pickled = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(orig)) assert orig == pickled class TestJsonField: def test_query_from_json_field(self): schema = ( SchemaBuilder() .add_json_field( "attributes", stored=True, tokenizer_name="default", index_option="position", ) .build() ) index = Index(schema) writer = index.writer() doc = Document() doc.add_json( "attributes", """{ "order":1.1, "target": "submit-button", "cart": {"product_id": 103}, "description": "the best vacuum cleaner ever" }""", ) writer.add_document(doc) doc = Document() doc.add_json( "attributes", { "order": 1.2, "target": "submit-button", "cart": {"product_id": 133}, "description": "das keyboard", }, ) writer.add_document(doc) writer.commit() index.reload() query = index.parse_query("target:submit-button", ["attributes"]) result = index.searcher().search(query, 2) assert len(result.hits) == 2 query = index.parse_query("target:submit", ["attributes"]) result = index.searcher().search(query, 2) assert len(result.hits) == 2 query = index.parse_query("order:1.1", ["attributes"]) result = index.searcher().search(query, 2) assert len(result.hits) == 1 # query = index.parse_query_for_attributes("cart.product_id:103") # result = index.searcher().search(query, 1) # assert len(result.hits) == 1 # query = index.parse_query_for_attributes( # "target:submit-button AND cart.product_id:133" # ) # result = index.searcher().search(query, 2) # assert len(result.hits) == 1 @pytest.mark.parametrize("bytes_kwarg", [True, False]) @pytest.mark.parametrize( "bytes_payload", [ b"abc", bytearray(b"abc"), memoryview(b"abc"), BytesIO(b"abc").read(), BytesIO(b"abc").getbuffer(), ], ) def test_bytes(bytes_kwarg, bytes_payload): schema = SchemaBuilder().add_bytes_field("embedding").build() index = Index(schema) writer = index.writer() if bytes_kwarg: doc = Document(id=1, embedding=bytes_payload) else: doc = Document(id=1) doc.add_bytes("embedding", bytes_payload) writer.add_document(doc) writer.commit() index.reload() def test_schema_eq(): schema1 = schema() schema2 = schema() schema3 = schema_numeric_fields() assert schema1 == schema2 assert schema1 != schema3 assert schema2 != schema3 def test_facet_eq(): facet1 = tantivy.Facet.from_string("/europe/france") facet2 = tantivy.Facet.from_string("/europe/france") facet3 = tantivy.Facet.from_string("/europe/germany") assert facet1 == facet2 assert facet1 != facet3 assert facet2 != facet3 def test_schema_pickle(): orig = ( SchemaBuilder() .add_integer_field("id", stored=True, indexed=True) .add_unsigned_field("unsigned") .add_float_field("rating", stored=True, indexed=True) .add_text_field("body", stored=True) .add_date_field("date") .add_json_field("json") .add_bytes_field("bytes") .build() ) pickled = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(orig)) assert orig == pickled def test_facet_pickle(): orig = tantivy.Facet.from_string("/europe/france") pickled = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(orig)) assert orig == pickled def test_doc_address_pickle(): orig = tantivy.DocAddress(42, 123) pickled = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(orig)) assert orig == pickled class TestSnippets(object): def test_document_snippet(self, dir_index): index_dir, _ = dir_index doc_schema = schema() index = Index(doc_schema, str(index_dir)) query = index.parse_query("sea whale", ["title", "body"]) searcher = index.searcher() result = searcher.search(query) assert len(result.hits) == 1 snippet_generator = SnippetGenerator.create( searcher, query, doc_schema, "title" ) for score, doc_address in result.hits: doc = searcher.doc(doc_address) snippet = snippet_generator.snippet_from_doc(doc) highlights = snippet.highlighted() assert len(highlights) == 1 first = highlights[0] assert first.start == 20 assert first.end == 23 html_snippet = snippet.to_html() assert html_snippet == "The Old Man and the Sea"